Parameter

Description

Range















Unbalance

Overview:

  • Voltage and current unbalance in a three-phase system refers to the variation in magnitude and phase angle of the voltages and currents of the three phases. In an ideally balanced three-phase system, the magnitudes and phase angles of the voltages and currents are equal. However, in reality, imbalances can occur due to various factors, such as unbalanced loads, transformer winding faults, or faulty equipment.
  • Voltage unbalance occurs when the magnitudes of the three-phase voltages are not equal or when the phase angles of the voltages are not 120 degrees apart. This can result in uneven distribution of power and can cause motor overheating, reduced efficiency, and other electrical problems.
  • Current unbalance occurs when the magnitudes of the three-phase currents are not equal or when the phase angles of the currents are not 120 degrees apart. This can lead to uneven loading of the three-phase circuits and can cause excessive heating, reduced efficiency, and other problems.

Calculation Method:

  • The Unbalance is calculated in both Voltage and Current using Symmetrical Components according to the sequence configured by user either ABC or ACB using the Following  Matrices:



  • Zero sequence component is the 1st element in the symmetrical components matrix, Positive sequence component is the 2nd element in the symmetrical components matrix and Negative Sequence component is the 3rd element in the components matrix.












From 0 % to 100%

Phase Sequence

Parameter that represents the sequence of voltage Phase ABC or ACB.







Flicker

Overview:

  • Flicker is a power quality issue that refers to the rapid and repetitive changes in the voltage level of an electrical power supply. It is typically caused by sudden changes in the load demand of the electrical system or by the operation of certain types of equipment, such as welding machines or arc furnaces.

Calculation Method:

The Flicker is Implemented according to the IEC-FLICKER-METER standard with 2 weighting filters that can be configured by the user either 230V lamp or 120V lamp


  • Instantaneous Flicker: Is the Output of Block 4.
  • Short Term Flicker: is calculated on the basis of the probability distribution function of the instantaneous sensation flicker in 10-minute period according to the following formula:


  • Long Term Flicker: is calculated for 120 minutes on the basis of last 12 values of short-term flicker severity, according to the following:






3 to 100





Crest Factor

Overview:

  • Crest Factor is a parameter used in power quality analysis to describe the peak-to-RMS ratio of a waveform. It is defined as the ratio between the peak value and the RMS value of a waveform.
  • High crest factors can indicate the presence of transients, harmonics, or other types of waveform distortion that can affect the performance of electrical equipment. For example, high crest factors can cause overheating and premature failure of transformers, motors, and other devices.

Calculation Method:





0 to 200





Line Voltage

Overview:

  • In wye configuration the line voltage is the difference between Phase - Neutral voltages.
  • = =  –   ,= =  –  ,= =  –   , where ,  and  are phase-neutral voltage vectors. And ,  and  are the calculated line Voltages.

Calculation Method:






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True Power Factor

Overview:

  • Unlike true power factor, which takes into account the real power consumed by the load, displacement power factor only considers the phase angle difference between voltage and current. This means that displacement power factor does not account for any power losses due to reactive components, such as inductors and capacitors, in the system.
  • DPF is a value between 0 and 1, with a maximum value of 1 occurring when the voltage and current are perfectly in phase with each other. A low DPF indicates that the system has a significant phase angle difference between voltage and current, which can lead to increased energy consumption, voltage drop, and reduced equipment lifespan.


Calculation Method:




-1 to 1



Delta Configuration
  • The default measurement of Voltages is Line Voltages.  , ,
  • =   ,= ,=    : ,, are measured Line Voltages between the stated lines.
  • In 3 Wire Delta there is no Neutral Point. So the Phase Voltages deduced relative to virtual neutral point. So that the power can be measured through the deduced phase voltage with measured Line Current.




Frequency



Frequency measured on 10/12 cycles according to Frequency configuration. 10 Cycles for 50 Hz Frequency Configurations, And 12 cycles for 60 Hz Frequency Configurations.

-At 50 Hz configuration: 

From 40 to 60 Hz.

-At 60 Hz Configuration:

From 50 to 70 Hz.


Frequency 10 Seconds


It is an average frequency of (Frequency 10/12) for 10 Seconds. This Time window is not Sliding time window. 1st 10 second it will equal to zero until time window complete 10 seconds. Then Update Rate will be each 10 seconds. The Parameter will be zero in the beginning until the period is fully monitored by the device.

-At 50 Hz configuration: 

From 40 to 60 Hz.

-At 60 Hz Configuration:

From 50 to 70 Hz.


Total and Fundamental Voltage RMS

It is Root Mean Squares of Voltage Samples during 10/12 cycles. There are two options one for fundamental Voltage Signal and one for Total Voltage Signal. Total Signal is Fundamental one Plus all Harmonics and Transients without any filtration done on the signal.



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Total and Fundamental Current RMS

It is Root Mean Squares of Current Samples during 10/12 cycles. There are two options one for fundamental Current Signal and one for Total Current Signal. Total Signal is Fundamental one Plus all Harmonics and Transients without any filtration done on the signal.



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Angles

The Angles are measured with respect to The Reference Signal. The Angle of Reference signal is always zero. The priority of choose Reference Signal VA then VB then VC. For example, if VA is Down then VB lead and if VB is also down VC lead. 


From 0 to 360


THD


Total Harmonic Distortion have two different Definition THD_F and THD_R. THD_F is measure total harmonics with respect to fundamental signal. THD_R is measure total harmonics with respect to Total signal. 


THD_F = √ [(V2 )^2 + (V3 )^2+…] / V1


THD_R = 

√ [(V2 )^2 + (V3 )^2+…] / √ [(V1 )^2 + (V2 )^2+…]


THD_F = 0 to 200 

THD_R = 0 to 100


K Factor


There is Equation Defined for this parameter, it applied on current Signal only.


0 to 100

Powers Parameters

Power Value for each channel, Refresh rate 10/12 cycle, Computed for Total Signals and Fundamental Signals.


Apparent Power = V*I  (VA)

Reactive Power = V*I*Sin(α)  (VAR)

Active Power = V*I*Cos(α)  (Watt)


Update Rate 10/12 cycles.









Energy Parameters


Energy Values computed over 10 min fixed Window, Refresh rate 10min, Computed for Total Signals and Fundamental Signals. The Parameter will be zero in the beginning until the period is fully monitored by the device.


Active Energy (+) = ∑ (Total Positive Active Power) dt , the load attached in Consume Mode in this time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.


Active Energy (-) = ∑ (Total Negative Active Power) dt , the load attached in Generation Mode in this time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.


Reactive Energy (+) = ∑ (Total Positive Reactive Power) dt, the load attached Cause Lagging in the system in this time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Reactive Energy (-) = ∑ (Total Negative Reactive Power) dt, the load attached Cause Leading in the system in this time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Apparent Energy  = ∑ (Total Apparent Power) dt.


Note: In three Phase systems the integration is done on total powers. So the energy not for each phase but oriented on the whole system. And the integration of Energy Reset Each 10 Min to start from zero each 10 min.




-Time window to Calculate Energy is 10 min (fixed window).


-Update Rate 10 min.








Power Demand Value

They are Average Power for the system not for each phase, computed during a Time Interval Chosen by the User (ex 4 min), this time window is sliding with Refresh rate 10/12 cycle (So we can say average power of the system last 4 min), Computed for Total Signals and Fundamental Signals. The Parameter will be zero in the beginning until the period is fully monitored by the device.


Active Power Demand Value (+) = (1/N) * ∑ (Positive Active Power) , the load attached in Consume Mode in this Time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.


Active Power Demand Value (-) = (1/N) * ∑ (Negative Active Power) , the load attached in Generation Mode in this  Time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.


Reactive Power Demand Value (+) = (1/N) * ∑ (Positive Reactive Power) , the load attached Cause Lagging in the system in this  Time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Reactive Power Demand Value (-) = (1/N) * ∑ (Negative Reactive Power) , the load attached Cause Leading in the system in this  Time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Apparent Power Demand Value = (1/N) * ∑ (Apparent Power)


Demand Power Factor = Total Active Power Demand Value (+)/ 

√[(Total Active Power Demand Value (+) )^2 + (Total Reactive Power Demand Value (+))^2]





-Time window to Calculate Energy up to 60 min (Sliding window).


-Update Rate 10/12 cycles.








Power Demand Quantity

They are Energy for the system not for each phase, computed during a Time Interval Chosen by the User (ex 4 min), this time window is sliding with Refresh rate 10/12 cycle (So we can say Energy of the system last 4 min), Computed for Total Signals and Fundamental Signals. The Parameter will be zero in the beginning until the period is fully monitored by the device.


Active Power Demand Quantity (+) = ∑ (Positive Active Power) dt , the load attached in Consume Mode in this Time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.


Active Power Demand Quantity (-) = ∑ (Negative Active Power) dt , the load attached in Generation Mode in this Time Interval by this Quantity , K.W.H.



Reactive Power Demand Quantity (+) = ∑ (Positive Reactive Power) dt, the load attached Cause Lagging in the system in this Time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Reactive Power Demand Quantity (-) = ∑ (Negative Reactive Power) dt, the load attached Cause Leading in the system in this Time Interval by this Quantity , K.VAR.H.


Apparent Power Demand Quantity = ∑ (Apparent Power) dt





-Time window to Calculate Energy up to 60 min (Sliding window).


-Update Rate 10/12 cycles.








Harmonics

The Representation of harmonics are based on Type, Level, Phase for each order.


Orders: 1st order represent fundamental Signal, 0th order Represent DC Bias, 2nd order represent harmonics with frequency = 2*frequency of fundamental Signal.


-Levels: Harmonics can be represented by Normal Level or Grouping Level.

      -Normal level is RMS of Harmonics itself.

      -Grouping Level is Harmonics Subgroup as defined       

         in IEC 61000-4-7.


This Is Equation of Harmonics Subgroup (Grouping Level).






-Phases of Harmonics: are just used in reconstruction the signal to go back from Frequency domain to Time Domain.


-Harmonics Power: are the Active power for each harmonic.


-Interharmonics: it is a computation of Signals In between Harmonics as defined in IEC 61000-4-7 .







Orders from 0 to 60









Mains Signaling voltages

It’s a parameter measured according to:

-Frequency of Ripple Control Signal from 10 up to 3000Hz.

-User Choose Recording period from 1 sec up to 120 sec.

-User choose Mains signaling threshold from 0.3% of nominal voltage up to 15%

-The Parameter will be zero in the beginning until the period is fully monitored by the device.


-There are two method to compute Mains Signaling (the both are used) according to IEC 61000-4-30 :


1- When Ripple Control Signal Frequency located at any interharmonics pins then mains signaling rms = rms of interharmonic pin that match this frequency.

2- if Ripple Control Signal Frequency doesn’t locate at any interharmonics bins then mains signaling = root of the sum of the squares of the 4 nearest 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value interharmonic bins.



-Device Records Max value of Mains Signaling Voltage at recording period that exceeds threshold and normalize it according to nominal voltage so it will be Percentage unit.

-The beginning of a signalling emission is detected when the measured value of the concerned interharmonic exceeds the detection threshold. The measured values are recorded during a period of time specified by the user, in order to give the maximum level of the signal voltage.










0 to 100























Over deviation and Under deviation

The over deviation (Uover) and (Uunder) are parameters specified for monitoring the deviation of voltage from the configured nominal voltage over a specified period of time (Aggregation Interval) unlike the dip and swell events which are used to monitor any change that happen to the voltage signal at any time. However, there is two parameters that is used to show the over deviation and under deviation instantaneously which are Urms_under and Urms_over which are then used to get the Uunder and Uover across the specified aggregation Interval. They are derived from the Urms 10/12 cycle and are updated each 10/12 cycle according to the IEC- 61000-4-30 standard as follows

  • In Case of Under Deviation:
    • If Urms(10/12) > Udin(nominal voltage) then Urms_under = Udin.
    • If Urms(10/12) <= Udin(nominal voltage) then Urms_under = Urms(10/12).
    • Then the 10/12 cycle Urms_under values are used to calculate 150/180 cycle Uunder and 10-min Uunder using the Equation stated in the standard:

where n = the number of 10/12-cycle r.m.s. values for under- or overdeviation during the aggregation interval and Urms−under,i is the ith 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value


  • In Case of Over Deviation:
    • If Urms(10/12) < Udin(nominal voltage) then Urms_over = Udin.
    • If Urms(10/12) >= Udin(nominal voltage) then Urms_over = Urms(10/12).
    • Then the 10/12 cycle Urms_over values are used to calculate 150/180 cycle Uover and 10-min Uover using the Equation stated in the standard:

where n = the number of 10/12-cycle r.m.s. values for under- or overdeviation during the aggregation interval and Urms−over,i is the ith 10/12-cycle r.m.s. value
























0 to 100%





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